Pride of Baltimore c.1981 in 1:20 scale

Discussion in 'Scale Sailing' started by JerryTodd, Oct 11, 2011.

  1. JerryTodd

    JerryTodd Moderator

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    Packing the trunk

    Back on the 17th, I cut the prop cut-out in the stern post - something better done when the keel was first cut out - but why take the easy way out, right? .
    pri20120317a.jpg

    I also arranged and sized the deck beams to properly frame hatches, mast partners, etc.
    pri20120317b.jpg

    Instead of the big pipe attached to the bottom of the keel for ballast, with Pride I'll be using a fin with a bulb at the bottom much the same as I've seen on some big Newfie schooner models (Bluenose types) that are of a comparable size and sail area.
    262.jpg

    Toward that end, I installed what amounts to a dagger-board trunk in Pride's hull.

    The trunk is made from two sheets of luan plywood, glassed on their inside faces. Two pine strips, coated in epoxy, act as spacers and hold the sides apart so a 6 inch wide by 1/8 inch think aluminum plate can slide in.
    pri20120323a.jpg

    The plate will have a bulb of lead shot cast in epoxy on it's end.

    All of this would have been best designed into the keel before the hull was started - but the hull was made before I decided to go this route - so much for advanced planning and design. You folks out there - learn from me and don't make my mistakes.

    The trunk is meant to go through the hull and sit flush with the bottom of the keel. That meant cutting the entire center of the keel out of the model for about 6-1/2 inches.

    Fortunately; a while back I bought a "multipurpose tool" from Harbor Freight that looks like a right-angle grinder, but actually just vibrates what-ever's mounted on it from side to side - like a sanding pad, or a saw blade!
    pri20120323e.jpg

    This gizmo made quick and clean work of cutting out the keel and the trunk fit right in, nice and snug.
    pri20120323g.jpg pri20120323h.jpg pri20120323i.jpg

    I've been helping an old shipmate, and friend, build a 14 foot skiff in my yard this week.
    boat20120323s.jpg

    He let me use some 2-part epoxy in a caulking gun tube to install my dagger board trunk. With that I was able to push epoxy into cracks and spaces, and get into corners - great stuff at about $22 a tube. You can recap the unused part, but you have to replace the spout as the epoxy in mixed inside it and will harden.

    So, end grain and outside surfaces got smeared with epoxy, and after setting and sanding, some more glass & resin will go on and the inside will get some bracing.
     
  2. JerryTodd

    JerryTodd Moderator

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    Braceing the trunk

    The trunk got cut down about an inch, capped, and braced.
    pri20120329a.jpg

    Everything was epoxied in place - inside and out.
    pri20120329d.jpg

    Another bulkhead was fitted aft, that will support the motor which will be placed pretty much in the same spot that Pride's engine was actually placed. The motor comes from an old 12 volt Craftsman cordless drill.
    pri20120329h.jpg
     
  3. JerryTodd

    JerryTodd Moderator

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    Waling at the Damn Yankee Workshop

    I re-sized an image of myself from 1980 to 1:20 and pasted it to some card. Now there's a 20 year old me, 3-1/2 inches tall, standing around so you can get an idea of scale in the pictures.
    pri20120330c.jpg

    Since I was already cutting card-stock, I made a template for the deck.
    pri20120331b.jpg pri20120331g.jpg

    I drilled the hole for the bolt that will hold the fin keel. The hole is centered so the fin can be switched, fore-and-aft. I may cut a little hollow in one side to move the CLP slightly to balance the boat. To seal the plywood and reenforce the hole, I epoxied in a length of brass tube. When that set up, I cut the tube inside the trunk with a hacksaw blade and filed it smooth with a jeweler's file. A brass nut and bolt hold the fin in place.
    pri20120331m.jpg pri20120331o.jpg pri20120331q.jpg

    I was rummaging through the shop trying to find something to make the wales from when I came across a piece of molding that was used as a batten for marking the curves on the plywood for a skiff being built in my yard. It was perfect for Pride's wales. Unfortunately, it was about 4 inches short of getting both sides out of it.
    pri20120331j.jpg

    In the mean time, I beveled the bow end of the wale to fit the stem, wet the piece, and clamped it onto the hull. When it dried I thinned the aft end slightly with a block plane to help it make the twist at the counter. I mixed up some slow-cure epoxy and sawdust; buttered up the piece, and clamped in onto the hull.
    pri20120331r.jpg

    Tomorrow I'll get another piece and we'll take a shot at the other side.
     
  4. JerryTodd

    JerryTodd Moderator

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    Paint!

    Picked up another piece of "screen molding" and epoxied it onto the port side.
    pri20120404b.jpg

    When that set up and the clamps came off, I sprayed the bottom with white primer.
    pri20120404e.jpg

    The wales looked a little thick, so I shaved them down with a block plane until they looked right to my eye. I also adjusted the sheer line from about midships to just short of the bow - the run of the sheer looks much smoother now. I marked the waterline and then marked the painted waterline about 1/2 an inch higher than the load-waterline the model will float at.
    pri20120404i.jpg Pencil line is the LWL.

    I intended to get some green paint to mix with some white and a little blue to make the blue-green color Pride's bottom was painted - but they had no green I could use, and everything was gloss.
    I would up with a can of Rustoleum satin Moss Green spray paint.
    pri20120405e.jpg

    I gave that a try, and though it could be a little bluer - it's not bad.
    pri20120405f.jpg

    The top sides were painted with flat black enamel to the top of the wales. There' modelings and channels to go on yet, so I'll paint up there when that's been installed.
    pri20120405h.jpg pri20120405j.jpg
     
    #24 JerryTodd, Apr 5, 2012
    Last edited: Apr 5, 2012
  5. JerryTodd

    JerryTodd Moderator

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    Moldings, fashion pieces, fancy pieces, and more paint.

    Later on the 5th, I installed the molding that on the real boat, is the outside edge of the waterway cap rail. This was painted red on the Pride and will, of course, be painted red on the model. I also cut out and fitted both forward channels, but only the starboard one got installed so far.
    pri20120405q.jpg pri20120405s.jpg

    4/6: The molding got put on the other side and the gun ports were cut out. Some white paint on the bulwarks and she's looking a bit more like the Pride of Baltimore.
    pri20120406l.jpg

    I noticed I screwed up the deck clamp somehow. I made the deck flush with the top of the stem-head when it should have been lower - even with the top of the wale. I'm going to have to move, or remove it to where it belongs.

    4/7: I started fitting the fashion pieces that cover the counter planking's end grain; and the transom wings that reenforce the part of the transom that hangs beyond the side of the hull.
    pri20120407d.jpg pri20120407e.jpg

    With those installed, the "fancy piece" was fitted and installed. This piece forms an decorative arch, the inside of which will be finished with a mahogany veneer. This piece was also sanded thinner at the ends to give the transom a little bit of a bow.
    pri20120407i.jpg

    Under the fancy piece is the name board which is bordered, top and bottom with some 1/16" half-round molding I got from Doll House Collectables a long time ago.

    pri20120407j.jpg pri20120407m.jpg
     
  6. claudio

    claudio Active Member

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    Re: Moldings, fashion pieces, fancy pieces, and more paint.

    Hi Jerry,
    good documented tread and congratulations for the great amount of work done !
    Happy Easter !
    ClaudioD
     
  7. JerryTodd

    JerryTodd Moderator

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    A thin red line and changing the channels.

    Since I pulled out the deck clamp, I'm rethinking the deck. I'd really like to get some thin plywood, like 1/8" "doorskin" and some birch veneer which will give me a deck about 3/16" thick. But it's hard to find that stuff around here. No one apparently makes anything in Maryland.

    I went looking for a little red paint for the waterway cap molding, but it was priced so high I left the hardware store disgusted, which seems to be a common occurrence. I found some "regal red" spray paint cheaply at another store. I really didn't want spray paint, but I take what I can find.

    I masked off the molding on one side and sprayed a couple of coats. After touching up where it bled under the masking, it wasn't too bad.
    To do the other side I sprays some paint onto a sheet of cardboard and brushed it on. That worked pretty well except it dried very quickly requiring me to respray it a lot.

    I put on the other three channels. Same drill, epoxied and pinned with 16ga steel brads. They got a coat of paint and I sat the model out in the sun while I stuck wale planks on
    Macedonian.

    pri20120410a.jpg Port fore channel being fitted.
    pri20120410g.jpg Aft channels clamped in place.
    pri20120410f.jpg Another view.
    pri20120410j.jpg A coat of paint and out in the sun.
     
  8. JerryTodd

    JerryTodd Moderator

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    Deck Structure

    I've decided I'm going to use 3/16" luan ply (same as I'm using on Constellation as a sub deck) and glue down strips of something, probably bass, for the finished deck. With that decided, I know how thick the finished deck will be and can set the deck clamp accordingly.
    pri20120411a.jpg

    With the new deck clamp installed, I decided to thin out the deck beams. They're no longed notched , but simply butt to the deck clamp. Blocking went in between the beams to lock it all together, strengthen the structure, and keep the beams squared up. All the wood-to-wood joins were glued with Tite-Bond III and wood to glass/resin with epoxy.
    pri20120411d.jpg

    Mast partners and some framing went in to outline the cabin opening and what will be the main access hatch. The cabin trunk was made from some 1/8" plywood I had from the unused battery box I originally made for Constellation. The is actually an inner sleeve, the cabin trunk will slide onto this like a box lid and be held down with a pair of those tiny, but strong magnets.
    ptr20120412a.jpg pri20120413c.jpg

    The cardboard deck template was re-cut to the new deck position and traced onto the luan plywood. It was cut on the bandsaw and some fine shaping done with a block plane and a file.
    pri20120413d.jpg pri20120413g.jpg

    To allow it to take the deck camber, I'm going to cut saw kerfs in the underside instead of cutting completely through like I did with Constellation's subdeck. If that won't allow it to take the camber and sheer combined, I'll go ahead and cut it through.

    The mahogany filler piece was glued into the transom.
    pri20120413a.jpg
     
  9. JerryTodd

    JerryTodd Moderator

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    Re: Deck Structure

    Spent a little time marking the 1:20 scale measurements on the spar plan in preparation for making spars.
    pri20120417c.jpg

    I cut a motor mount from an electrical box cover and mounted it to the motor bulkhead. The mounting plate used the motor mount holes in the face of the motor and doubles as something of a heat sink - though I doubt it'll need that. I still have to get or make a shaft, stuffing box, and prop, as well as a way to connect it all to the motor.
    pri20120418b.jpg

    A box of a few thousand trenails from the "dollar store."
    pri20120419a.jpg

    This is half the rail. The inside half will be laminated after the deck's in and the timber heads are installed.
    This rail is pegged into the top of the planking.
    pri20120419c.jpg

    Cutting the pegs with the flush cutters.
    pri20120419f.jpg

    Rails installed, clipped, sanded, and some paint applied.
    pri20120419p.jpg

    Main access hatch cut out of subdeck
    pri20120420e.jpg

    Framing the main access hatch. The beams will be cut when the framing that holds it's shape is complete.
    pri20120420h.jpg

    1/16" basswood sheets for decking:
    Left, stained gray, then oak
    Middle, stained oak, then some gray
    Right, bare bass
    pri20120420a.jpg

    Some planking laid out on the deck. Pride's deck was very dark - this looks to match it pretty well.
    pri20120420c.jpg
     
  10. JerryTodd

    JerryTodd Moderator

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    Hatches

    Finished framing the access hatch and cut it out. Some more wood went in to create a ledge for the hatch cover to sit on. The section of the sub deck over the hatch was glued to the portion of the frame removed making the hatch cover.
    pri20120421c.jpg pri20120421e.jpg pri20120421h.jpg

    Some additional bracing went into the deck framing so all the deck beams are braced to each other. A couple of posts were also put in at the mast partners. This stiffened things up quite a bit.
    pri20120421m.jpg pri20120421k.jpg

    The motor mount bulkhead and plate were painted and epoxied into the hull.
    pri20120421s.jpg pri20120421r.jpg

    Started building the cabin trunk. This is the lid part that will lift off.
    pri20120421v.jpg
     
  11. JerryTodd

    JerryTodd Moderator

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    My 4 bitts worth

    I have a few boards about 5/16" thick, 4" wide, and 3 feet or so long. It's some sort of dunnage, pallet stuff - I think it's some sort of mahogany. Anyway, some of it has now become bitts on the Pride of Baltimore.
    It seems to have worked out well, so I'm gonna use it for the catheads, pinrails, and maybe the tiller, as well.

    pri20120422g.jpg pri20120422d.jpg
     
  12. JerryTodd

    JerryTodd Moderator

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    Bitts, cabins, gudgeons, and a rudder

    I put some framing in the counter, which will get decked over. A block of oak was installed her to strengthen the rudder pivot point here.
    pri20120425a.jpg

    While that set up I roofed cabin box-top and installed some internal structure in it. Some of the wood from the original Pride's mast was milled into little logs from which I made the skylight, hatch, and trim around the roof. This was given a little oak stain to better match the original's color. The binnacle box and the hatch doors have to be made yet. I haven't found any pictures that show the cabin hatch, and I can't recall how they looked (I didn't live in this part of the boat) :)
    pri20120427j.jpg pri20120424g.jpg

    The real boat had a big keystone shaped hole through the counter for the rudder head to pass through and turn in. I thought about this a while and opted not to do that. Instead I drilled a slightly over sized hole thought the counter for the 3/16" i.d. brass rudder tube. It was set in the hole with J.B.Weld and a 3/16" rod blocked and taped at the heel of the stern post to keep things lined up. This is more precise, stronger, easier, and more waterproof than making the big hole through the counter. J.B.Weld gets thinner before it sets up and will run out of holes, so a bit of tape was placed on the bottom of the counter and the tube pushed through it. The J.B.Weld fills around the tube held in by the tape. When it was set-up, the tape was removed and the tube trimmed almost flush with the counter underneath, and on top. The counter was decked over and the big keystone hole left open to give the impression of how the boat looked.
    pri20120425i.jpg pri20120425j.jpg pri20120427i.jpg

    The rudder cut from 1/4" Plexiglas. I drilled the 3/16" brass rod that would be the rudder shaft for the 1/16" brass drift pins that will tie it to the rudder. Using these holes as guides, I drilled the rudder to match. The drifts were cut and everything dry fitted. The drift pins were soldered to the shaft, filed and sanded smooth. I squirted CA adhesive into each hole and quickly set the rudder post in and then everything went wrong. The CA set up so fast I never got the drift pins all the way in. In trying to tap it in, the solder joints broke and I wound up peening the pins over on the shaft and a piece of the rudder head broke off.
    pri20120425d.jpg

    Except for a slight gap between the rudder and the shaft, everything seemed tight. I even tried pulling a drift pin with the idea of saving the shaft and starting over, but I couldn't get it out, so I decided to go ahead and give using this rudder a shot. I touched some heat to the pins to maybe reset the solder and filled the gap with J.B.Weld. The broken head was replaced. I made Constellation's rudder the same way and didn't have this problem, so I wasn't expecting it this time. I'll know better on Macedonian's rudder. I'll flatten the drift pins on one side, set them half way then squirt in the CA.
    pri20120425h.jpg

    The heel of the rudder is held to the boat by a gudgeon plate. This plate is made in two parts; a mounting plate that attaches to the keel with wood screws and epoxy, and has holes threaded for two machine screws that hold the second part; the gudgeon plate, that holds the heel of the rudder to the keel. It's made to be easily removed in case the rudder needs to be removed for some reason.

    I made the plate from the same heavy copper sheet Constellation's gudgeon plate was made from. Because of the rake of the stern post, it had to be bent into a 'Z' shape. I morticed the bottom of the keel so the mounting plate would sit flush with the bottom of the keel, and predrilled the plates. That all done, I had to get the brass screws to put it together.

    I found some #2 brass wood screws and some #4 brass machine screws without having to buy any more, so I drilled and tapped the holes in the mounting plate, and drilled and counter-sank the holes for the wood screws. The holes in the gudgeon plate were opened to the right sizes, and the mounting plate was screwed and epoxied to the keel. When every thing was set-up - the model had a functioning rudder.
    pri20120427a.jpg pri20120426i.jpg pri20120427b.jpg pri20120427e.jpg pri20120427g.jpg

    A pair of beams were installed in the hull for the battery to lay on. The battery is held in place by peel-n-stick tabs of Velcro.
    pri20120427m.jpg

    I actually have very few pictures from my time on Pride. My camera was broken before we went to Yorktown, and some photos I know I had I haven't been able to find. There's not a lot on the Internet either - searches for Pride of Baltimore turn up much much more on the Pride II than the first boat. Greg Pease's book, Sailing With Pride has actually been a big help. It's full of photos many of which reveal details I need and couldn't find elsewhere. It's been especially helpful where the boat's construction deviated from the plans, such as the shape of her transom. That I found the book for $5 wasn't bad either. :)
    pri20120426l.jpg
     
  13. JerryTodd

    JerryTodd Moderator

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    More deck details and controls set-up

    pri20120429b.jpg The cabin lid is completed. All the bright finished wood came from one of Pride's top masts that was replaced just before she went on her last trip to Europe. So, this wood was on the boat when I was.

    pri20120430b.jpg The counter was planked and transom knees installed.

    pri20120504b.jpg pri20120504c.jpg pri20120504m.jpg The focs'l hatch was a project unto itself. Nothing in the plans matched what the boat actually had so it came down to studying a lot of photos and guessing. I had the hatch cover hinge for no particular reason other than I could. I had access to a sail control pulley in mind, but that's another story.

    pri20120502b.jpg Using the same wood I used for the bitts and hatch coamings, I made the tiller. I didn't have tubing the right size, so I wrapped it in sheet brass that I rolled on a drill bit and CAed onto the tiller. I think it's a pretty decent match.

    pri20120502c.jpg The deck furniture is moving along, but before the subdeck can be permanently attached, the controls have to be sorted out.

    pri20120501i.jpg The shaft & stuffing box, prop, and coupling arrived from Dumas.

    pri20120501k.jpg The coupling mounted on the motor.

    pri20120504l.jpg 1/8" aircraft plywood servo tray on the daggerboard trunk for the sail controls. Note the red painted knees supporting the aft end. The block of oak with the square hole is the main mast step.

    pri20120504j.jpg pri20120504k.jpg The rudder servo is mounted in the cabin on a tray of the same aircraft ply, and is removable if need be. I can still access the motor without moving the rudder servo. The servo will control the tiller through control lines lead through the deck and disguised as the relieving tackles used on the real boat.

    pri20120504p.jpg pri20120504q.jpg A peek into both hatches.

    servos.jpg A rough schematic of the controls.

    pri20120506b.jpg I had to make holes in something a while back and these wooden wheels were the scrap from the hole saw. They were drafted to serve as pulleys to mock-up the shuttle system for the sail winch.
    pri20120506a.jpg A quickie spring tensioning set-up was cobbled together as well.

    pri20120506m.jpg After trying several lay-outs, I decided to go with this set-up: The pulleys will be mounted on a beam with the tensioner incorporated into one end. It will be a removable unit made from a length of aluminum channel. The pulley ends will land in each hatch where I can get at them with out removing the unit.

    cutaway.jpg Here's a cut-away profile showing the internal arrangement of the model.
     
  14. hiljoball

    hiljoball New Member

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    Re: More deck details and controls set-up

    Nice work as always. Thanks Jerry

    John
     
  15. JerryTodd

    JerryTodd Moderator

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    Re: More deck details and controls set-up

    I had drilled a 1/8" hole for the prop shaft some time ago, but the stuffing box was 3/16" and I needed a 1/4" hole. The larger hole makes lining things up easier and also makes sure all the wood the shaft passes through is epoxy coated. To make life easier, I got a 16" long 1/4" drill bit.
    pri20120507a.jpg

    Everything was dry fitted, and prepped to be set in place...
    pri20120507c.jpg

    The hull was stood up on it's transom and J.B.Weld pushed into the shaft hole. The outside end of the hole was covered with tape so the JBW wouldn't run out. The stuffing box was taped except where is would be in the sternpost and slid into the hole and pushed through the tape so it potruded about 1/4" out of the stern post.
    pri20120507g.jpg

    Speed controls are expensive little buggers, but I found a Traxxas 1260 on ebay and it arrived a couple of days later.
    pri20120507k.jpg

    The old battery quit working during Constellation's test sail last summer, so I had to get a new 6 volt battery before I could try the speed control out.
    pri20120507h.jpg

    After testing it out, I made a mount for it and the micro servo that operates it, tested everything again, and mounted the unit on the beam I installed to steady the prop shaft. I have that can of red spray paint, so a lot of little things are getting painted red.
    pri20120509b.jpg

    I cut full size patterns for the sails and pinned them up on the shop wall to see how she'll look fully rigged. A lot of sails over lap on this boat, and I felt the heads'ls overlapped a bit too much for a model to deal with, so I moved the clews on the jib and flying-jib forward a little to reduce that.
    pri20120510d.jpg

    The model will have 2,205 square inches of sail with everything set. I'm not making stuns'ls, ringtail, or a fisherman for it - there's no easy way to control them remotely.
     
  16. Twister

    Twister New Member

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    Re: More deck details and controls set-up

    Another Claudio!!

    I've not checked the forum for a couple of days & to see your progress is inspiring me to dust off my 'Enterprise' hull.
    Out of interest, where are you planning on mounting the speed controller resistors? A very long time ago I had a 1/10th scale electric rc car with a similar speed controller and I have vague recollections of blistered hands from the heat generated. I'm guessing that the motor will be fairly lightly loaded so it might not be an issue, but certainly worth testing.

    Regards,

    Row
     
  17. JerryTodd

    JerryTodd Moderator

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    Re: More deck details and controls set-up

    I've been wondering the same thing. They do warm up pretty quickly, even after just a minute or two at 6 volts. The instruction sheet shows them mounted on a card or board with the tabs poking through - but it didn't come with one and doesn't say what it's made of. At the moment, they're just dangling in the bilge. I looked around and can hardly find a thread in a forum that mentions this controller, much less what to do with the resisters.

    I imagine I'll glue them to something with some high-heat Loctite - but I'm wondering if I should stick on a heat-sink.
     
  18. Twister

    Twister New Member

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    Re: More deck details and controls set-up

    I'd be surprised if there were anything on the web - I think that type of controller predates it, most seem to be electronic these days although for relatively low current draw they can be picked up relatively inexpensively.

    Row

    Edit: Found this one that may work for your application -

    http://www.amainhobbies.com/product.../products_id/86500/n/GWS-8-15-Amp-Brushed-ESC
     
    #38 Twister, May 12, 2012
    Last edited: May 12, 2012
  19. JerryTodd

    JerryTodd Moderator

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    Re: More deck details and controls set-up

    I don't think it has a reverse in it; but it sure is cheap compared to most I've seen.

    I have a similar one in a never used plane I got a long time ago, and considered using it here. I thought I could stick a SPDT on the flaps or gear channel to give forward/reverse selection.

    As it is, I'm considering a on/off switch on a spare channel to keep the motor off when I accidentally bump the throttle.
     
  20. JerryTodd

    JerryTodd Moderator

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    Mast maker, mast maker, make me a mast...

    Pride's lower masts are being made using the "Birds Mouth" method.
    Here's a link to everything you'd want to know about it, including calculators to figure out how to make yours.

    I helped the fellow building the skiff in my yard make the mast for the skiff using this method - the first time either of us had done it. From a pair of 2x6x12's we made a hollow mast that not only very light, but very strong.
    boat20120419g.jpg boat20120419f.jpg

    So, using a V-groove router bit in a table mounted router, I tried the idea using some scrap pine and made a couple of 4" long test masts 1-1/8" in diameter.
    pri20120511c.jpg

    That worked, so I proceeded to make the model's 42" long foremast along with cross-trees and trestle trees, hounds, and cap. The mast is 8 sided from the heel to about 2" above the deck. The top 5" is squared. There's a tenon at the heel for the mast step, and another at the head for the cap.
    pri20120514b.jpg pri20120514g.jpg pri20120514o.jpg pri20120515d.jpg

    Here's a more detailed look at making the main mast:

    I'm using white cedar left over from Constellation's masts and spars. None of what's left was long enough to make a solid mast, so this method allows me to use these scraps that I otherwise couldn't have used.
    pri20120516a.jpg

    This was ripped into 1/4" thick boards
    pri20120516c.jpg

    The boards were then ripped into 5/16" strips.
    pri20120516d.jpg

    The strips were fed through the router and the V groove cut. Then I sorted them into 8 sets of staves.
    DSCF0004 001_0001.jpg pri20120516e.jpg

    I started gluing them together with Titebond III carpenter's glue, using rubber bands to clamp it up.
    pri20120516f.jpg pri20120516g.jpg

    When it was all together, I wrapped it tightly with a "string clamp."
    pri20120516h.jpg

    The fagot was trimmed on the bandsaw to a rough length of 47". I messed with it for a while to take out any twist and make sure it was straight - then I left it to set up over night.
     
    #40 JerryTodd, May 17, 2012
    Last edited: May 17, 2012

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